Water and Work in Mughal Gardens and Landscapes

Abstract Laborers and draft animals played underexamined roles in building operating the waterworks of Mughal gardens landscapes. This article analyzes four sources evidence about water-related work: paintings; historical texts on political economy waterworks; assessed relation to modern estimates human animal energy needed build operate considered work natural waters shaping land society material cultural terms. Taken together, these lines inquiry provide a unified framework for research livelihoods.